When renting an apartment in the U.S., landlords have the right to conduct certain checks to ensure potential tenants are reliable and trustworthy. However, there are clear legal boundaries that protect renters’ privacy and rights. Understanding what a landlord cannot legally investigate can help tenants navigate the rental process confidently.
1. Personal Characteristics Protected by Anti-Discrimination Laws
Under the Fair Housing Act (FHA), landlords are prohibited from discriminating based on specific personal traits:
- Race, Color, or National Origin:
- Landlords cannot inquire about your ethnic background or country of origin.
- Religion:
- Questions about your faith or religious practices are illegal.
- Gender and Sexual Orientation:
- A landlord cannot deny you housing based on your gender identity, sexual orientation, or marital status.
- Disability:
- While landlords can ask if you can meet tenancy requirements, they cannot demand details about disabilities.
- Familial Status:
- Questions about whether you have children, are pregnant, or plan to have children are prohibited.
2. Private Financial Details
While landlords can conduct credit checks, certain financial inquiries cross the line:
- Source of Income Discrimination:
- In states like California and New York, landlords cannot reject applicants based on lawful sources of income, such as Section 8 vouchers or disability benefits.
- Bank Account Balances:
- While proof of income may be required, landlords cannot demand access to your personal banking information or account balances.
3. Medical History
Landlords are not allowed to inquire about or investigate a tenant’s medical history:
- Pre-Existing Conditions:
- Questions about physical or mental health conditions are illegal under the FHA.
- Medication Use:
- Requests for information on prescriptions or treatments are prohibited.
4. Criminal History (in Certain Jurisdictions)
While criminal background checks are common, restrictions are increasing:
- “Ban the Box” Laws:
- In cities like Seattle, landlords cannot ask about criminal history during the initial application process.
- In California, landlords must delay such checks until after making a conditional lease offer.
- Arrests Without Convictions:
- In most states, landlords cannot deny housing based solely on arrests that did not lead to a conviction.
5. Social Media Accounts and Personal Communication
Your online presence and private conversations are off-limits:
- Social Media Screening:
- Landlords cannot require access to your social media profiles or judge you based on online activity.
- Email and Phone History:
- Demanding access to your personal communications or call logs is illegal.
6. Citizenship or Immigration Status (in Some States)
Some states, including California, have laws preventing landlords from investigating or denying housing based on immigration status:
- Verification Beyond What’s Required:
- Landlords can ask for identification but cannot request proof of citizenship or visa status if it’s unrelated to the application process.
7. Protected Lifestyle Choices
Certain aspects of your personal life cannot be scrutinized:
- Dietary Preferences:
- Landlords cannot inquire about lifestyle choices such as being vegan or consuming alcohol.
- Legal Habits:
- Smoking in designated areas or owning legal recreational items is generally not a valid reason for inquiry unless prohibited by the lease agreement.
8. Credit Information Outside Scope
While landlords can check your credit score, they are limited in other areas:
- Credit Details Unrelated to Tenancy:
- They cannot inquire about specific loans or purchases unrelated to rent affordability.
- Non-Financial Credit Usage:
- Requests to explain personal credit card charges are overstepping boundaries.
How to Protect Your Rights
- Understand Local Laws:
- Tenant rights vary by state and city. For example, Oregon and Washington have stricter tenant protections compared to Texas or Florida.
- Report Violations:
- File complaints with the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) if you suspect discrimination.
- Ask for Transparency:
- If a landlord conducts a background or credit check, request a copy of the report to verify accuracy.
Final Thoughts
While landlords have the right to vet tenants, they must operate within legal boundaries to ensure fairness and respect privacy. Knowing what a landlord cannot check empowers tenants to protect their rights and confidently navigate the rental process.